Few spirits draw as many parallels with wine as mezcal. Microclimates, varying soil types, plant ripeness, fermentation and distillation techniques, along with the producers’ influence, play immense roles in mezcal production. That’s in addition to the many types of agave used to make mezcal, much like the various grape varieties used in wine. Imagine a world where all wine was Cabernet Sauvignon. This is the case with tequila, which is but one type of mezcal made exclusively from one variety of Agave tequilana, known as “Weber Azul” or “Blue Agave.” Mezcal, on the other hand, refers to any agave distillate, and can be made anywhere in Mexico, although there are some legal restrictions on which regions can label it as such. More than 20 very different agave varieties are widely used in broader mezcal production. Just as Sauvignon Blanc or Syrah have wildly different expressions around the world, it's hard to make blanket generalizations about mezcals based solely on agave type. The long roasting period before fermentation can introduce potentially dominant flavors of smoke and hardwood. Also, many commercial mezcals are diluted to a familiar strength of 38–42% alcohol by volume (abv) rather than the higher proof that most mezcaleros prefer. “The grade of alcohol is very important,” says Temo García, a maestro mezcalero based in San Dionisio Ocotepec in Oaxaca state. “38 or 40% is very low, and it makes it hard to clearly distinguish the real essence of the maguey [agave]. We distill to at least 46% to bring out the best flavor.” Agave variety, often listed on the bottle, is still usually the best place for consumers to distinguish among mezcals. Here are eight that you're most likely to find. A note on nomenclature: “Common names” are just that, informal names that can vary by region and community. Like Zinfandel and Primitivo, the same agave can go by many names. However, the same name can also apply to very different agaves, depending on the region where it’s grown. In practice (if not on export labels), some mezcaleros skip common names altogether, referring to whatever agaves are available to them as simply criollo or campestre. Espadín, scientific name: Agave angustifolia / Illustration by Rebecca Bradley Espadín Scientific name: Agave angustifolia Other common names: Espadilla, Tepemete, Pelón Verde The ancestor of the Tequila agave, espadín is by far the most commercialized species after Agave tequilana, responsible for at least 80% of all mezcal sold. It resembles Agave tequilana Weber closely enough that espadín was discreetly brought from Oaxaca during Tequila’s severe agave shortage of the early 2000s. Espadín’s ubiquity is due largely to its high sugar concentration, which can yield larger volumes of spirit than other agave species (it takes about 20 pounds of espadín to make a liter of mezcal, while some agaves can require more than triple that amount). Its piña, the heart of the plant named for its resemblance to a pineapple, usually weighs 120–150 pounds. Espadín mezcals are full and sweet, with honeyed sweet-potato notes of roasted agave. Mezcal aficionados sometimes dismiss espadín for its preponderance and perceived lack of complexity, but in the right hands it can make a delicious spirit. “Espadin makes great mezcals, depending on the mezcalero, the quality of the piñas, and what processes they use to bring out the best in it,” says García. Mexicano, scientific name: Agave rhodacantha / Illustration by Rebecca Bradley Mexicano Scientific name: Agave rhodacantha Other common names: Espadillón, Ixtero Amarillo, Cuixe Mexicano agave is revered for its large size, relative scarcity, vivid green hue and kaleidoscopic spray of rigid, tightly-spaced leaves. In some Oaxacan towns it's called Cuixe, a name otherwise reserved for Agave karwinskii. Mexicano makes full-bodied mezcals, fruity and smoky. “Mexicano is very special,” says García. “For me, they make very smooth mezcals with a touch of anise.” Arroqueño, scientific name: Agave americana / Illustration by Rebecca Bradley Arroqueño Scientific name: Agave americana Other common names: Sierra Negra, Serrano, Sierrudo, Coyote There are many subspecies of Agave americana that vary in appearance but share certain qualities. Arroqueño usually refers to the oaxacensis variety, but terminology can differ depending on the region. These huge agaves can be 8 feet tall and 11 feet around, with piñas weighing from 200 to more than 450 pounds. For producers, this can mean as many as 30 bottles of mezcal per plant. The strong cooked-agave flavor shows through with layered herbs and spices. “These are huge magueys but they have very complex flavors,” says maestro mezcalero Félix Ángeles of the Oaxacan village of Santa Catarina Minas. “They can be intense, but compared to espadín, their sweetness is much less obvious.” Karwinskii, scientific name: Agave karwinskii / Illustration by Rebecca Bradley Karwinskii Scientific name: Agave karwinskii Other common names: Madrecuixe, Bicuixe, Cuixe, Tobaziche, Barril, Cirial Karwinskiis are easily identified by their piñas, which resemble long narrow logs of hardwood rather than plump pineapples. There are several subspecies used for mezcal, whose common names vary but all fall under the distinctive karwinskii umbrella. These mezcals have flavors of herbs and roasted vegetables, often with a prominent note of peanut. “All karwinskiis have a ‘green’ herbal nose, but because there are so many varieties, the mezcals can vary a lot,” says Sandra Ortiz, co-owner of Oaxaca mezcalería In Situ. “Barril, for example [an especially large and long-lived karwinskii] is very complex, dry and elegant with notes of citrus peel.” Tepeztate, scientific name: Agave marmorata / Illustration by Rebecca Bradley Tepeztate Scientific name: Agave marmorata Other common names: Pichomel, Pichometl Tepeztate has an almost mythical reputation, being the agave that takes the longest to reach maturity—up to 35 years in the wild. It also has very low yield. More than three-times the amount of tepeztate is needed to make the equivalent amount of mezcal as espadín. It usually has a rich, earthy aroma, but with notes of ripe tropical fruit as well. “Tepeztate is the most aromatic of all mezcals,” says Ángeles. “If you think of how long it stays in the ground, it absorbs so much character from the soil and even the other plants around it.” Tobalá, scientific name: Agave potatorum / Illustration by Rebecca Bradley Tobalá Scientific name: Agave potatorum Other common names: Papalomé, Papalométl A squat, diminutive plant, tobalá is the darling of the mezcal world, partly for its small-but-mighty appearance, but also for its reputation as an “always wild” variety. It doesn't make hijuelos (the clonal offshoots responsible for most agave propagation), but rather must be propagated by seed. Today, most tobalás are planted intentionally and wouldn't be considered “wild” by most measures. The mezcals, though, are the most delicate of all varieties, light in body but big on aroma and flavor. “Tobalá is more floral, sometimes a little waxy, and can be lightly fruity or caramelized,” says García. Cupreata, scientific name: Agave cupreata / Illustration by Rebecca Bradley Cupreata Scientific name: Agave cupreata Other common names: Papalote, Gordito, Ancho Abundant in Guerrero state (which borders Oaxaca), cupreata resembles tobalá in appearance, if not taste. Where tobalá is light and floral, cupreata usually boasts aromas and flavors of ripe tropical fruit, and earthy notes of black pepper or roasted poblano chile. Cenizo, scientific name: Agave durangensis / Illustration by Rebecca Bradley Cenizo Scientific name: Agave durangensis This agave is found almost exclusively in southern Durango state, as well as parts of neighboring Zacatecas. Its singular mezcals are becoming increasingly popular as an alternative to Oaxacan mezcals made over 800 miles to the south. It's called cenizo, or “ashen,” because the green leaves have ash-grey tips, as if they've burned. The mezcals are fruity, with an almost creamy texture. “Cenizo can take on aromas from the huizache [sweet acacia] and mesquite trees that are so abundant where it's grown,” says Durango-based maestro mezcalero Pablo Díaz. “It has a sweet flavor with hints of burnt caramel.” Cenizo grows in areas with high diurnal shifts and seasonal variation. Temperatures in the regions where it's grown can range annually from 25°F to 105°F, and swing 40 degrees in a day. “It flourishes under this temperature variation and develops very complex sugars,” says Diaz. “When fermenting, we bury the fermentation vats in the earth to insulate them from temperature extremes.” What about mezcal blends? Blends of multiple agave types, called ensambles, are made for a variety of reasons. Rather than blending finished mezcals (the way winemakers blend different wines after fermentation), ensambles are usually cooked, fermented and distilled together, akin to a field blend wine. Because of consumer demand for single-variety mezcals, as well as and pride in their product, mezcal producers have little incentive to blend finished mezcals. Instead, the decision usually has more to do with availability and economics. Before the piñas are crushed and fermented, they are roasted in an outdoor underground oven with large quantities of hardwood—not an inexpensive endeavor. “It takes the same amount of firewood to bake three tons of agaves as it takes to bake eight tons,” says Alvin Starkman, a Oaxaca resident who has been studying mezcal since 1991 and has lead tours of small palenques for over a decade. “So sometimes palenqueros will acquire whatever they can to fill the oven and decide after baking whether to make a blend or to segregate the species. Sometimes there's only enough of one species to fill a third of a fermentation vat, so it's simply not worth it to segregate.” For those with an ample agave supply, the decision is less about agave affinities than pairing an especially flavorful variety with a high-yielding variety like espadín. “This is often the case with tepeztate,” says Starkman. “A palenquero might mix, for example, 70% tepeztate with 30% espadín, yielding the tepeztate flavor but the high yield of the espadín enables the palenquero to sell at a more reasonable price.” Still, some mezcal producers will do the same blend repeatedly. “Some palenqueros will blend two to five species and love the result, and keep doing it that way,” says Starkman. “They also might find that buyers love a particular mix, and that motivates them to keep doing it.”
